作者：Maroti Upare
编译：王月琴、
责编：左璇
备注：王月琴和左璇均为中国农业科学院农业信息研究所在读博士研究生；。
出处：FAO《Reviewof the current state of world aquaculture insurance》
本文有作者版权保护，转载请务必注明出处。
四、承保品种
水产养殖保险计划将承保的品种定义为人工饲养的鱼类、贝类和海藻类以及这些品种的销售品。该保险计划可大致认为承保的是养殖鱼类、贝类和海藻类死亡、逃走或受伤的风险，也承担被保水产养殖设施损害的损失。
承保的品种包括牡蛎、珍珠贝、珍珠母贝、扇贝、金枪鱼、鲷鱼、银大马哈鱼、石斑鱼、比目鱼、鱆红鱼、竹荚鱼和河豚鱼。这些品种中只有达到一定的生长年龄才可被承保，并不是承保整个生长周期，目前幼苗和小鱼还不列入承保范围。另外，还启动了一项特定的水产养殖保险计划以弥补紫菜、裙带菜和海带等养殖海藻类的损失。
五、承保的养殖方式
在日本，水产养殖保险体系主要针对海水养殖，这意味着海洋网箱养殖和扇贝、牡蛎和贝壳类的垂下式养殖是目前保险承保品种的主要养殖方式。
六、承保体系
渔业相互保险体系及其水产养殖保险计划的承保都是与政府部门对该行业的支持紧密联系起来的。初级的渔业互助保险协会由全国39个沿海县组成。这些协会作为直接保险人与渔民和水产养殖者签订保险合同。然后由全国渔业互助保险协会对保险合同提供更高水平的再保险，全国渔业互助保险协会承保包括水产养殖保险合同在内的所有渔业相互保险。政府进一步承保全国渔业互助协会因巨灾造成的损失。全国渔业互助保险协会和政府签订的这份再保合同保护了渔民互助体系资金的过度流出，以弥补异常灾害造成的严重损失。
七、风险管理
（由于是相互保险），水产养殖保险计划中的保单通常是参保农民的共同保单（即风险共担），这暗含着一定程度上的社会管理功能。农民不喜欢与不妥善管理养殖场的人分享合同和风险。因此，保险制度从侧面起到鼓励水产养殖场管理的积极作用。全国渔业互助保险协会规定了有权参加水产养殖保险的养殖方式，助推了风险管理措施的应用。
八、保险理赔
全国39个沿海县成立的渔业互助保险协会不仅发放保单和收取保费，还承担理赔事务。日本渔业部门经常被要求协助进行损失勘定，特别是在发生较大灾害时。在其职权范围内，日本渔业部门的目标是通过计划、财政税收措施、为渔业合作社提供指导、监督以及通过开展渔业互助和渔船保险来实现渔业的可持续管理。
SPECIES INSURED
Aquaculture is defined by the Aquaculture Insurance Scheme as the artificial rearing of fish, shellfish and seaweeds and the marketing of these products. It is argued in the scheme documentation that aquaculture tends to suffer from losses in the stock of cultured fish; shellfish and/or seaweeds through death, escape or injury. It may also suffer damages to the aquaculture facilities. The Aquaculture Insurance Schemecovers losses based on the damage to the stock insured.
Species insured include oyster, pear loyster, mother of pearl shells, scallops, yellow tail tuna, seabream, cohosalmon, sea bass, flatfish, kanpachi, horse mackerel and puffer fish. Only certain age categories can be insured for some of these species, thus not the whole production cycle; juveniles and fry are not insured at present.
A specific Aquaculture Insurance Scheme was initiated as well to cover losses and damages to cultured sea weeds,such as laver, undaria and kelp.
GROWING SYSTEMS INSURED
In Japan, aquaculture insurance systems mainly focus on marine aquaculture, which means that marine cageculture systems and hang-and-bottom culture of scallops, oysters and shells arethe growing systems currently insured.
UNDERWRITING
Both the fishery mutual insurance system and the aquaculture insurance scheme under it have an underwriting structure that links local insurance activities with the general support of the government to the sector. The primary level consists of the Fishery Mutual Insurance Associations, organized in 39 coastal prefectures throughout the country. These associations underwrite the insurance contracts from fisher folk and aquaculturists as primary insurers. The insurance contracts are reinsured at a higher level by the National Federation of Fishery Mutual Insurance Associations, which underwrites all fishery mutual insurance,including aquaculture insurance contracts. In its turn, the government underwrites the National Federation’s insurance contracts by covering damage scaused by abnormal calamities. This retrocession contract between the National Federation and the government protects the fisherfolk’s mutual aid system from excessive outflow of funds to cover serious damages caused by abnormal disasters.
RISK MANAGEMENT
The insurance policies issued under the Aquaculture Insurance Scheme are generally joint policies of a number offarmers, which implies some social control mechanism. Farmers do not like sharing contract with others who do not manage their farms in a socially acceptable manner; therefore, the insurance system implicitly encourages good aquaculture farm management. The conditions for obtaining access to the aquaculture stock insurance system, as set by the National Federation of Fishery Mutual Insurance Associations, add to the wide application of risk management measures.
CLAIMS HANDLING
The Fishery Mutual Insurance Associations, organized in 39 coastal prefectures throughout the country, not only issue the insurance policies and collect the insurance premiums, but also deal with claims handling. The Fisheries Agency of Japan is often asked to assist in the loss adjustment, particularly when larger disasters occur. In its terms of reference, the Fisheries Agency of Japan aims at the sustainable management of the fisheries sector through planning, finance and taxation measures, provision of guidance and supervision of fisheries cooperatives, and through carrying out fisheries mutual aid systems and fishing vessel insurance systems.
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